![]() ![]() ![]() In typical maternal separation paradigms, pups undergo 3 hours or more episodes of separation from the dam daily, which has been linked to increased levels of stress hormones and behavioral changes in adult animals. To identify underlying mechanisms of early-life, stress-induced brain dysfunction, maternal separation (MS) paradigms were developed in rodents. Early-life aversive experiences including childhood abuse, trauma, and neglect have been associated with increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders, accompanied by potential neurophysiological changes such as the reduced volume and abnormal activation in the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. ![]()
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